INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT

The Impact of Antimicrobial Proteins on Plant Defense Strategies

Dipanshu Kumar Vishwas — 2024-06-30

Antimicrobial proteins (APs) are the short polypeptides, and have an important piece of the innate defense network present in all lifeforms, including microbes, arthropods, animals, and plants. Our literature survey revealed that APs have an inherent immunological reaction in several creatures including humans, but there has a little knowledge on how they act as defense mechanisms in plants. As a result, the goal of this study is to advancement of our understanding that how these plant peptides function as an immunological defense at the molecular level in plants. Thus, our research revealed that how the anxious message created by the biological risk is recognized by plant cells and then eventually transformed into an effective defensive action. Moreover, APs might kill pathogenic microbes, fungi, and viruses, and have capacity to promptly eradicate antibiotic-mediated multidrug-resistant infections. Further, our finding with these tiny peptides gives quick, regulated, and long-lasting immunity to a wide range of pathogenic organisms via stimulation of Ca²⁺ influx, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generation, and activation of MAPK cascade for the transcription of APs genes and also plant defense hormones, assures plant survival in nature. Therefore, it may conclude that APs might be used as an admirable weapon for protecting plants from different infections, and recommends a bright future in agricultural and therapeutic studies.

The Crucial Role of Tillage and Nutrient Management in Enhancing Wheat Production

Om C. Pandey — 2024-06-30

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the second most vital grain globally, underpins food security for the world’s population. The mid-1960s to the present have seen a green revolution driven by high-yielding wheat varieties, improved irrigation, and chemical fertilizers. Despite
these advances, food security in key wheat-producing areas faces threats due to a 50% output disparity and recent yield plateaus. This stagnation, alongside biotic and abiotic stresses and resource depletion, is compounded by nutritional deficiencies, leading to declining productivity, profits, and increased environmental impacts. Addressing these challenges necessitates focusing on nutrient management and tillage practices to maximize yields and maintain soil health. Effective tillage practices enhance soil structure and nutrient availability, while appropriate nutrient management ensures that the crop’s needs are met using both organic and inorganic sources. This review explores the pros and cons of conventional and modern tillage techniques and nutrient management strategies.
It assesses how conservation and conventional tillage impact wheat production across various ecological environments globally and highlights the differing nutrient requirements these methods entail. Tailored nutrient management strategies, aligned with specific tillage practices, are essential to overcoming current production barriers and ensuring sustainable wheat cultivation.

A Review on Miraculous Life Saver Plant Ruta graveolens L.

Abhilasha Dwivedi — 2024-06-30

Ruta graveolens L. (commonly known as ‘rue’) is an annual herb with beautiful yellow flowers. It has medicinal properties and is used to treat various ailments. It is a rich source of phytochemicals and shows antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Because of its range of medicinal properties, it is called the Cardiac plant. Ruta is being used for medicinal purposes not only in India but also abroad. Ruta is also used in the traditional systems of India like Ayurveda, Homeopathy, and Unani. It is a rich source of phytochemicals and various chemicals present in plants. It shows antimicrobial activity against microbes. Ruta graveolens L. also shows antioxidant activity. Due to overexploitation, medicinal plants are now becoming endangered. Therefore, to save the plants, Plant Tissue Culture plays a very important role. For Ruta, many protocols for plant tissue culture have also been developed to save plant as well as biodiversity.

A Review on Diversity and Potential Applications of BGA in India

Swati Chaurasia — 2023-06-30

Cyanobacteria also called as blue green alga are the probable ancestors of the chloroplast. They are the microbes behind the origin and oxygenation of the ancient earth atmosphere. Their unbeaten evolutionary capability to mitigate harsh conditions is through the production of adaptation proteins and metabolites that has made them survive and transcend from ancient atmosphere to present condition. They are the organisms that fulfill the basic needs of mankind to a certain level by providing resources like food, feed, medicine, biofertilizer, energy source in the form of hydrogen, etc without compromising environmental health. This review is the compilation of the researches of cyanobacterial applications in different fields and to assess their diversity and effect on plant growth in India. It provides future prospects and valuable information in the field of cyanobacterial microbiology through its use in the form of liquid tree.

Optimize Biosorption Potential of Micrococcus luteus on Arsenic, Lead, and Mercury obtained from Coal mine

Virendra Vaishnav — 2023-06-30

The main aim of the study was to find the metal biosorption capability of Arsenic, lead and mercury resistant bacteria Micrococcus luteus was isolated from heavy metal contaminated soil of Mand coalfield Raigarh. Bacteria were screened for multiple heavy metal resistance capabilities through enumeration on LB agar containing 300 ppm Pb(NO₃)², NaAsO and HgCl₂ separately. M. luteus showed high biosorption ability against Pb (95.21%), As (90.23%) and Hg (80.67%) were analyzed using ICP-MS. The effect of pH, temperature and metal concentration on the biosorption potential was also determined. The optimum condition of lead, arsenic and mercury at pH 4.30, 4.80 and 5.0 respectively, temperature at 37^oC and metal concentration As (260mM/L), Hg (240mM/L) and Pb (340mM/L) by M. luteus was studied. The present study indicates that M. luteus removes arsenic, lead and mercury competently from soil contaminated with heavy metal and therefore further research should explore to remediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals

Lichenometry to Predict the Age of Substratum at Indian Alpine Himalayan Area in Climate Change Perception

Rajesh Bajpai — 2023-06-30

The growth of circular lichen thalli on permanent substrata are widely used to measure the age of exposure of the substratum for long periods of time. The measurement of lichen thallus diameter and their correlation with the age of the substratum by geographers has applications in pollution monitoring and climate change studies. In addition, frequency size investigation can provide minimum dates for constructions built of lichen-covered materials, like walls, iron poles, graveyard stones, monuments. The lichenometry is able to measure the minimum age of substrata even in less than 500 years of exposure. We provide a comparative assessment of lichenometry in Indian Himalayan sites are provided together with a comparative global data. We document the growth rate of Xanthoria elegans, a native placoidiod lichen, at 0.108 to 0.225 mm per month from Jammu & Kashmir. The purpose of this communication is to present the current eminence of lichenometry studies in the area and their future prospect.

Antagonistic and Plant Growth Promotion Activities of Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Deep Water Rice (Oryza sativa L. Cv. Ronga Bao) of Assam

Purnamsree Gogoi — 2023-06-30

Ronga bao is an indigenous deepwater rice (DWR) variety found in flood plains of Brahmaputra valley of Assam is known to possess resistance to flood, drought, salinity and alkalinity. The present study was carried out to investigate on bacterial endophytes isolated from ronga bao and evaluated for antifungal properties against three rice pathogens viz. Rhizoctonia solani, Bipolaris oryzae and Sarocladium oryzae which are responsible for sheath blight, brown spot and sheath rot disease of rice respectively. The plant sample were collected from Lakhimpur district of Assam, followed by isolation of endophytic bacteria from roots, stems and leaves. Invitro antifungal screening was carried out by dual culture technique and cell free culture filtrate (CFCF) of bacterial strains. Four root endophytes and only one stem endophyte showed antifungal activity against the phytopathogens. The plant growth promoting activities were also examined for potential bacterial strains and recorded their responses. Morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization demonstrated that the isolated potent strains were Lysinibacillus fusiformis strain PK4, Enterobacter quasiroggenkampi strain PK2, Shigella sp, Pseudomonas fluorescens strain PK3 and Klebsiella sp. Potential isolates exhibiting the antifungal and plant growth promotion activities may be used for the development of biocontrol formulations for controlling multiple biotic stresses.

Assessment of Plant Species composition and Diversity indices in Banni Grassland of Kachchh, Gujarat, India

Asha Sharma — 2023-06-30

The spatial pattern of plant species diversity signifies the importance of biodiversity in an ecosystem. The landscape heterogeneity configures the aggregation of functionally and physiologically convergent species, increasing species richness. Banni grassland is such a heterogeneous ecosystem, which has wetland, grassland, and dryland habitats. Concurrently, the invasion of P. juliflora is slowly converting it to shrubland. Banni is situated in an arid region. As arid grasslands are more fragile, it is important to analyze the plant diversity and its spatial distribution to understand the stability of this ecosystem. The goal of the current study was to investigate how the species composition and distribution vary in Banni grassland. The total plant diversity was examined by Stratified random sampling for 27 grids (10 × 10 Km) in which five quadrats were considered amounting to 135 sampling points. During the present study, 66 plant species were identified which included three trees, 16 sub-shrubs and shrubs, 42 grasses and herbs, and five creepers and climbers. The Kriging interpolation maps for species richness, dominance, evenness, Shannon index, and Simpson index recognized three distinct regions describing the spatial distribution of plant diversity in the Banni grassland. The dominance index in Banni grassland is maximum in west Banni and has a declining trend from west to east Banni. Western Banni, where Chari wetland is located, is dominated by Sueda nudiflora, while Central Banni has vernal pools and Eastern Banni has moderate grassland. Central Banni has the highest density and abundance of herbs and grasses, followed by Eastern Banni. The present study concluded that Banni grassland is narrow-niched and ecologically unique. The unique plant composition of Banni grassland requires long-term conservation planning.

Optimizing Strawberry Quality: Comparative Analysis of Chemical Fertilizers, Biofertilizers, and Their Combination

amrit kumar singh amrit — 2023-06-30

The experiment conducted at Farm Unit - 02, Department of Agriculture, Integral Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology (IIAST), Integral University, spanned two consecutive years, 2022-23 and 2023-24, to investigate the Economizing chemical fertilizer Through biofertilizers on Strawberry Production (Fragaria × ananassa Duch) cv. Winter Down. The study comprised 10 treatments, each replicated thrice in a randomized block design, with treatments consisting of various combinations of mineral and bio-fertilizers at different levels. All doses of mineral and bio-fertilizers were administered at the time of planting. The data collected over both years of the experiment were pooled and subjected to comprehensive analysis. Notably, Treatment 8 (T8) emerged as the most promising, exhibiting superior performance across multiple parameters. In terms of nutritional content, T8 demonstrated the highest levels of total sugars (8.25%), total soluble solids (14.45°Brix), reducing sugars (5.25%), and non-reducing sugars (2.87%). Additionally, it displayed elevated levels of ascorbic acid (55.56 mg), indicating enhanced vitamin C content, a crucial nutritional aspect in strawberries. Furthermore, T8 exhibited an extended shelf life (4.58 Days), which is desirable for marketability and consumer satisfaction. T8 demonstrated favorable attributes in terms of acidity, with lower titratable acidity (0.54%) and a higher TSS: acid ratio (26.67%). These parameters contribute to the overall sensory appeal and palatability of strawberries. In contrast, the control group yielded minimal results across all the aforementioned parameters, underscoring the significance of biofertilizers in optimizing strawberry production while reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers

Assessment of Tree Productivity and Carbon sequestration of Sal Forests of Kumaun Region, Central Himalaya, India

Falak Siddiqui — 2023-06-30

This study was conducted to assess the various aspects of productivity and carbon in sal forests growing in Kumaun region. Sites were located in Sharda Forest range of Tanakpur in district Champawat of Uttarakhand. Sal forests of the region were categorized in three forest types i.e. Sal dense forest, Sal moderate forest & Sal open forest based on canopy densities. The vegetation composition of species was done by randomly placing 30 quadrats in each site. In sal dense forest, soil moisture, mass density, soil pH and soil organic carbon (SOC) across all the soil depths ranged from 10.4-32.0%, 0.4-0.5 gm/cm3, 5.0-5.3 & 0.8-2.2% respectively. The soil moisture, soil bulk density, soil pH and SOC were 14.8-16.3%, 0.5-0.7gm/cm3, 4.7-5.1 and 1.6-1.7% across the soil depths in sal moderate forest while in sal open forest, the soil moisture, bulk density, soil pH and SOC was 23.4-29.5%; 0.7-1.4 gm/cm3; 4.7-5.1 and 0.6-1.2%, respectively. The C:N ratio varied between 4.6 to 7.7 across all three soil depths (0-30 cm). The Pearson correlation coefficient between different physical properties of soil significantly varied at 0.01 and 0.05 % significant level. The productivity of sal forests was 5.0, 11.0 and 17.5 t ha-1 yr-1 while carbon sequestration was 2.4, 5.2 and 8.3 t C ha-1 yr-1 in open, sal moderate and sal dense forest respectively. Sal dense forest had maximum productivity and carbon sequestration.Correlation revealed that the density, NPP, carbon sequestration varied significantly with forest sites. NPP of the forests positively correlated with carbon sequestration (p <0.05). In sal forest, density and canopy of trees were the major parameters for higher productivity and carbon sequestration. Therefore, conservation and management of sal trees are very imperative for improving the productivity and carbon accumulation in context of moderate and open sal forests for their sustainable management in the region.

Pruning and Chemical Manipulation Influence Leaf Physiological Parameters and Pod Yield Parameters of Perennial Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) cv. Kappalpatti Local During Off-Season

Manish Kumar — 2024-09-21

Understanding and controlling the physiological processes that regulate flowering is crucial for producing crops in off-season. To explore this, an experiment was conducted involving various pruning intensities and chemical sprays to induce off-season flowering and fruiting in moringa trees. The experiment followed a Factorial Randomized Block Design, with Factor I representing pruning at four levels: P-1 (No pruning), P-2 (Pinching off the previous year's growth of fruiting branches), P-3 (Light pruning, removing 33% of previous year's growth), and P-4 (Severe pruning, removing 66% of previous year's growth). Factor II involved chemical sprays at seven levels: C-1 (Control - water spray), C-2 to C-7 (Different chemical treatments). A total of 28 treatment combinations were tested with two replications each. Pruning was performed in the second week of July, and chemicals were sprayed twice, with the first application 30 days after pruning and the second 15 days thereafter. Various physiological parameters such as nitrate reductase activity, total carbohydrate content, nitrogen content, carbohydrate: nitrogen ratio, soluble protein, IAA oxidase activity, and gibberellic acid content in leaves were measured using standard procedures. Pod yield-related characteristics such as number of panicles per tree, number of flowers per panicle, number of pods per panicle, and total pod yield per tree were also recorded. Statistical analysis was conducted following Panse and Sukhatme's procedures (1985), revealing significant effects on various physiological parameters by pruning, chemicals, or their combinations. These alterations in physiological parameters induced flowering during the off-season in perennial moringa cv. Kappalpatti local. Notably, the interaction between pinching and foliar application of nitrobenzene at 0.5% (P2 × C7) resulted in 61.15 panicles per tree, while severe pruning combined with foliar application of paclobutrazol at 50 ppm (P4 × C2) led to 125.45 flowers per panicle. Additionally, the interaction between light pruning and foliar application of paclobutrazol at 50 ppm (P3 × C2) showed significantly higher mean numbers of pods per panicle (2.95) and pod yield per tree (14.14 kg).

Sustainable Solutions for Textile Pollution: Evaluating Phytoremediation with Lemna minor, Spirodela polyrhiza, and Eichhornia crassipes

Vibha Jaiman — 2023-06-30

While the textile industry is important to the world economy, its environmental effect, which includes the discharge of pollutants such as dyes, heavy metals, and organic compounds, needs long-term solutions. This research looks at the phytoremediation capacities of three plant species, Lemna minor, Spirodela polyrhiza, and Eichornia crassipes, for which macrophyte survey was undertaken for decreasing different water quality indicators in textile effluent, in the drain region of Sanganeri printing companies from three different S-1: Sanganeri print, S-2: Radha prints and S-3: Sanganeri block print. The study will look at how effective these plants are in removing and detoxifying pollutants present in textile effluents. Metrics such as pollutant absorption, plant development characteristics, and biochemical alterations will be tracked. The results show that Eichornia crassipes consistently outperformed Spirodela polyrhiza and Lemna minor across all parameters tested, showing its superior efficacy in textile wastewater phytoremediation. This study adds to the promotion of phytoremediation as an effective instrument for environmental restoration and assists in the creation of low-cost, environmentally friendly solutions to alleviate the textile industry's environmental impact.

Phytochemical Characterization of the Leaves of Saraca indica and Investigation of the Antimicrobial and the Antioxidant Properties of the Saponin-rich Extract of the Leaves

Siddhesh Pote — 2023-06-30

Saraca indica commonly referred to as Ashoka tree in the Indian subcontinent, is screened for potential antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the phytochemicals present in the leaves. The leaves are rich in saponins as shown by the preliminary testing of phytochemicals. Phytochemical profile of the saponin-rich extract of the leaves was obtained by using the GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectra) data which revealed a total of 30 bioactive compounds. The total saponin content was represented by 11 of these phytochemicals and they accounted for 73% of the total of the 30 bioactive compounds. The extract of these phytochemicals with the predominant presence of saponins exhibited in-vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Saponins are known to have properties to treat skin-related ailments and the leaves of Saraca indica can serve as an abundant herbal source of saponins.

Effect of Cadmium on Physico-biochemical Characteristics and Bioactive Compounds of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (Var. Arka Abha)

Eyram Hamid — 2023-06-30

Crop production, yield, quality, and sustainable agriculture are all hindered by cadmium stress. The purpose of this research is to determine how heavy metal contamination in the soil affects the physico-biochemical characteristics of tomato fruit. It was discovered that cadmium has a negative impact on the quantity and quality of tomato plant yield. In tomato fruits grown in Cd-contaminated soil, characteristics such as fruit weight, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and lycopene content were measured. Additionally, some secondary metabolites (total phenols and flavonoids) were also assessed. The outcomes were contrasted with tomato fruits grown in non-contaminated soil (control). The findings show that cadmium contamination of the soil has a negative impact on the characteristics of tomato fruits, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, lycopene, and ascorbic acid content. In addition, phenol and flavonoid levels in fruits from plants grown in contaminated soil are higher than in control fruits. To prevent an excessive buildup of heavy metals in the body, it is advised against consuming large quantities of fruits grown in that region.

Evaluation of Bioactive Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum Against Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens (Antimicrobial Activity of Phytochemicals Associated with Bryophyllum pinnatum)

Leena Das — 2023-06-30

The existing study was aimed at evaluating secondary metabolites present in Bryophyllum. pinnatum and its antimicrobial activity. The methanolic, ethanolic and chloroform extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening, gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and antimicrobial investigation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) study of the whole plant was performed using a Gas Chromatography /Mass Spectrophotometry Quadra pole Shimadzu model and interpretation was done on the mass spectrum was completed by means of the record of the National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) and the FTIR spectrum was noted in a spectrophotometer. Phytochemical screening for plant extracts showed the occurrence of numerous secondary metabolites like alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, and saponins. Agar well diffusion assay was performed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of methanol, ethanol and chloroform fractions of Bryophyllum pinnatum against fungi and bacteria. Methanol extracts of B. pinnatum were found to show the highest inhibition zone against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Plant extracts were compared with standard drugs, where they showed comparable inhibitory activity. Major compounds identified in GC/MS were dodecanedioic acid bis ester, beta carotene, caryophyllene, vitamin A aldehyde, Kauren-18-ol, acetate, phytol, squalene, 3 carene, alpha-phellandrene and hexadecenoic acid. The present study indicates that phytochemicals present in methanolic, ethanolic and chloroform extract revealed that B. pinnatum is appropriate for use in different fields, viz., therapeutic and pharmaceuticals and are of great value in medicinal practice for the treatment of several human ailments. S. aureus and E. coli were selected since these are the two most common bacterial pathogens and C. albicans is the common fungi to cause fungal infections, hence were considered for the study.

Antioxidant, Nitric Oxide Scavenging and Antimicrobial Activities of Bauhinia variegata And Sarcostemma acidum

Niharika Singh — 2023-06-30

The demand for discovering alternatives to chemical-based antimicrobial and antioxidant agents that are not only potentially effective but also safe for human consumption and derived from natural sources is steadily increasing. The primary objective of this study is to explore the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Bauhinia Variegata and Sarcostemma Acidum from the leaf and stem extracts respectively, as well as to quantify their tannin and phenolic content. To assess potential antioxidant attributes, the extracts were evaluated for their ability to scavenge nitric oxide (NO) radicals. Additionally, the antibacterial efficacy of these extracts was investigated against various Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) using different concentrations. Both the leaf extract of Bauhinia Variegata and the stem extract of Sarcostemma Acidum exhibited notable antibacterial activity against the tested microorganisms. Furthermore, the results indicate that these plant extracts possess excellent natural antioxidant and antibacterial properties, suggesting their suitability for applications in materials requiring antioxidant and antibacterial attributes while ensuring safety.

Pollen as a Bioindicator of Vehicular Pollution: A Case Study of Chapra Town (Bihar)

Naira Nayab — 2023-06-30

Environmental health monitoring relies on crucial bioindicators like pollen grains. Vehicular pollution, a significant threat poses risks to ecosystems and air quality. Pollen grains, as reproductive microspores of seed plants, serve as sensitive biological indicators due to their direct interaction with the atmosphere. Chapra as a town characterized by urban growth and traffic, is an ideal case to study the link between pollen patterns and vehicular emissions. Present work aimed to assess the impact of vehicular pollution on the local environment of Chapra using pollen as a bioindicator. Survey of airborne pollen concentrations in various zones of Chapra town were done than trapped pollen were isolated and identified. Fluctuation of pollen grain density throughout different seasons were studied. Protein content were identified. The correlation between the toxicological effects and the ecological dimension were Examined, considering the distribution patterns of pollen grains. Pollen calendar were provided. The findings revealed heightened sensitivity of pollen grains from plants located in the traffic-prone areas of Chhapra. Substantial decrease in both the quantity and dimensions of pollen grains were also shown as well as reductions in pollen tube lengths and viability in contrast to the control site. Furthermore, the contaminated site displayed the most pronounced abnormalities in pollen structure, accompanied by reduced levels of pollen protein content.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and FTIR Spectroscopic Analysis of Bark Extracts of Psydrax dicoccos Gaertn.

Shubham S. Patkar — 2023-06-30

Psydrax dicoccos Gaertn., a vulnerable plant according to the IUCN Red List, holds diverse cultural and practical significance in India. This study explores the antioxidant potential of its bark, rich in phytoconstituents like saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Aqueous and 70% ethanolic extracts were analyzed for total polyphenol and flavonoid content, demonstrating 70.77 ± 1.92 and 88.29 ± 2.18 mg catechol equivalent per gram, and 212.85 ± 2.61 and 745.53 ± 3.93 mg quercetin equivalent per gram, respectively. Antioxidant assays, including DPPH and ABTS, revealed the bark's significant scavenging activity, with IC50 values of 73.68 μg/ml and 35.65 μg/ml for the aqueous extract, and 56.06 μg/ml and 16.6 μg/ml for the ethanolic extract. The reducing power assay showcased a notable reducing capacity, while the CUPRAC assay demonstrated antioxidant potential, equivalent to 127.9 ± 5.76 and 573.4 ± 5.09 mg Ascorbic Acid per gram for the aqueous and ethanolic extracts, respectively. The phosphomolybdenum method indicated antioxidant capacity, with values of 223.02 ± 1.87 and 188.40 ± 1.88 mg Ascorbic Acid equivalent per gram for the aqueous and ethanolic extracts. FTIR analysis identified various organic compounds, including alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, and aromatics in the bark extracts. This comprehensive investigation underscores the therapeutic potential of Psydrax dicoccos bark, offering valuable insights into its antioxidant properties and chemical composition. The findings contribute to the broader understanding of medicinal plants, emphasizing their role in traditional practices and potential applications in preventing or treating oxidative stress-related ailments.

Impact of Bio Fertilizer Levels and Phosphorus Nutrient Performance in Black Gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) Under Sustainable Agriculture

Dharam Veer — 2023-06-30

The field study conducted at Departmental Research Farm, Integral University, Lucknow, evaluated the impact of biofertilizer levels and phosphorus nutrient on black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) during the Kharif seasons of 2022-2023 and 2023-2024. The application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 resulted in the highest chlorophyll content (2.42 mg/g), protein content (22.84%), and carbohydrate content (59.62%) in black gram. The soil pH was recorded as 7.66, electrical conductivity (EC) as 0.26 dSm-1, and organic carbon (OC) as 0.39%, indicating favourable soil conditions. Significant increases were also observed in nitrogen (124.8), phosphorus (19.13) and potassium (285.76) levels (as kg per hectare) due to different treatments across both years. The biofertilizer levels with 60 kg P2O5 ha-1, recorded maximum grain and straw yields, biological yield, and harvest index. It also resulted in higher gross returns, net returns, and benefit-cost ratio treatment T15 followed closely in performance. The study underscores the effectiveness of combining adequate phosphorus fertilization (specifically 60 kg P2O5 ha-1) with appropriate biofertilizer levels (especially PSB + Rhizobium) for maximizing yield and economic returns in black gram cultivation under sustainable agriculture practices. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing nutrient management strategies in similar agricultural contexts.