INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT

A Study on Air Pollution Levels in Kabul City, Afghanistan

Mohammad Zamir Taqwa, Tharavathy N.C. — Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines the air pollutant concentration levels, emission, sources, and variability of air pollutants in Kabul City, Afghanistan, through a comprehensive two-year air quality assessment (2022–2023). Data were collected using stationary monitoring devices operated by the National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA) at the Darul-Aman urban district, with seasonal analysis supported by the Air Quality Laboratory (AQL). Results revealed pronounced seasonal trends: ozone (O₃) eight-hour averages consistently exceeded 100 μg/m³ during winter months (January–March and December) in both years, reflecting increased precursor emissions and stagnant atmospheric conditions. Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) exhibited bimodal peaks, with elevated concentrations in January–March and July 2022, followed by a shift to July–August in 2023, suggesting changing traffic or industrial emission patterns. Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) levels were highest in January and December, correlating with heightened fossil fuel combustion for heating. Carbon monoxide (CO) onehour averages persistently breached national standards, underscoring chronic exposure risks. Particulate matter analysis showed that PM₁₀ 24-hour concentrations in 2022 complied with standards except in winter months (January–February and December), but 2023 saw widespread exceedances (all months except April), indicating escalating pollution. Similarly, PM₂.₅ 24-hour averages in 2022 were substandard only in winter, whereas 2023 violations spanned most months (excluding April–May), implicating growing anthropogenic influences. The Air Quality Index (AQI) transitioned from "good" to "satisfactory" (2022) to predominantly "moderate" (2023) for PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅, signaling accelerating air quality degradation. These trends highlight the interplay of seasonal emissions, meteorological factors, and rising pollution sources. The findings necessitate urgent, seasonally tailored mitigation strategies—such as winter fuel restrictions and year-round traffic controls—to curb Kabul’s deteriorating air quality and associated public health burdens.

Impact of Altitude, Seasonal Variation, and Processing Parameters on Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Potential of Darjeeling Tea

Dwaipee De, Gouhar Jahan Ashraf, Ranabir Sahu, Sonali Ray — Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study aims to explore the influence of processing parameters, altitude, seasonal variations, and soil conditions on the metabolite composition and antioxidant activity of Darjeeling tea. The Camellia sinensis var. sinensis were sampled from different processing stages of two Darjeeling tea gardens situated at different altitudes representing different environmental conditions and investigated for targeted metabolomics using high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) techniques where eight key bioactive compounds were chosen for the analysis. The antioxidant activity demonstrated a positive association with altitude, with elevated levels of total phenol (25.7 μg GAE/g), total flavonoid (4253.09 μg QEA/g), DPPH (94.09%), and H2O2 (95.94%) observed in the final processed tea from the higher elevation garden. Conversely, seasonal transitions exhibited a detrimental effect on antioxidant activity, with a decline from 94.09 to 78.65% (DPPH) and 95.94 to 84.98% (H2O2) during the shift from spring to summer and autumn in the higher elevation garden. Soil analyses unveiled significant positive correlations between pH (r= +0.98) and total flavonoid, carbon (r = +0.85), and potash (r = +0.99) with H2O2, and sulfur (r = +0.98) with total phenol. The study highlights the complex interplay of altitude, seasonality, processing parameters, and soil characteristics in shaping the accumulation of bioactive compounds in tea.

Pteridophytes of Sechu Tuan Nalla Wildlife Sanctuary, Chamba district, Himachal Pradesh, India

Puneet Kumar, Purushottam Kumar Deroliya, Sushil Kumar Singh — Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A total number of 30 taxa belonging to 14 genera and nine families have been documented. Of these, seven species namely, Selaginella jacquemontii Spring, Equisetum arvense L., Cryptogramma stelleri (S.G. Gmel.) Prantl, Gymnocarpium fedtschenkoanum Pojark., Deparia subsimilis (Christ) Fraser-Jenk., Dryopteris juxtaposita Christ, Polystichum sinense (Christ) Christ are reported here first time from Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh and six species, viz., Adiantum venustum D. Don, Asplenium trichomanes L., Athyrium attenuatum (C.B. Clarke) Tagawa, Dryopteris juxtaposita Christ, Equisetum arvense L., Pteridium revolutum (Blume) Nakai are ethnobotanically important.

Land Transformation Study of Bakhira Tal Ramsar Site Through Space-Borne Techniques

Vinay Kumar Tiwari, Pallavi Singh, Mamta Shukla, Sunita Verma — Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study focuses on Bakhira Tal, a Ramsar Site of global ecological significance, renowned for its biodiversity. Using high-resolution space-borne tools and geospatial technologies, the study evaluates land use and land cover (LULC) changes within a 1 km buffer of Bakhira Tal. Data from the Survey of India Toposheet (1972) and satellite imagery (Landsat 8, 2014 and 2024) were utilized to analyze temporal variations in the wetland’s spatial extent and LULC patterns, revealing the impact of anthropogenic and natural processes on the ecosystem. Bakhira Tal’s surface area has notably shrunk from 5031.52 ha in 1972 to 2985.75 ha in 2024. The study categorizes LULC into four classes: agricultural fields, built-up areas, plantations, and waterbodies. Significant changes were observed between 1972 and 2024. Agricultural fields decreased from 3311.65 ha in 1972 to 3074.88 ha in 2014, but increased to 3582.43 ha by 2024, with many fields replaced by plantations. Traditional croplands have gradually been converted to commercial agriculture, affecting water demand and land use intensity. Encroachment for agriculture has degraded some waterbodies, while rapid urbanization, population growth, and illegal settlements have expanded built-up areas, increasing from 204.12 ha in 1972 to 266.15 ha in 2024. The study produced comprehensive LULC maps using a Geographic Information System (GIS) integrated with high-resolution satellite data, helping to track these changes. The findings underscore the need for adaptive management and continuous monitoring to protect Bakhira Tal’s ecological integrity and sustain its Ramsar status. This approach serves as a model for evaluating and managing LULC changes in other Ramsar Sites globally, ensuring sustainable resource use and wetland conservation.

A Study on Improved Productivity of Crops Sown Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Archana Nandibewoor, Gurudev S Panchal, Iranna C Yavagal, Abhilash Hegde — Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The main mission of this work is to enhance agricultural productivity by guiding farmers in selecting the most-suited crop yields based on location and soil parameters. Given the widespread underutilization of technology in farming, many farmers inadvertently choose inappropriate crops, leading to reduced yields and profitability. To address this issue, the proposed system leverages machine learning (ML) algorithms for the prediction of the best-suited crops for specific soil conditions, thereby increasing productivity and profitability. The study employed four ML algorithms, such as support vector machine (SVM), Naive Bayes (NB), decision tree, and random forest, to analyze a dataset of soil parameters. After a comprehensive qualitative analysis, SVM emerged as the most accurate algorithm, with an accuracy rate of approximately 93%, compared to 83% for Naive Bayes, 62% for decision tree, and 72% for random forest. Whereas, the high accuracy of the SVM model ensures that the crop recommendations are reliable and suitable for the given soil conditions, minimizing the risk of undernourishment. The research novelty lies in its application of the four machine learning techniques mentioned in this paper to the agricultural domain, providing a practical tool that can significantly improve crop selection decisions. By integrating soil testing data with predictive modeling, the system offers a novel approach to optimizing crop yields, ultimately contributing to the overall productivity of the farming sector and the nation.

An Enzymatic method to Isolate Salt Gland from the leaves of Acanthus ilicifolius L. for Structural Characterization with Auto-fluorescence Imaging and Inorganic Ion Concentration Studies

Arpita Maity, Amal Kumar Mondal — Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Excess salt regulation, an intricate mechanism in halophytic plants, has long fascinated researchers. In this paper, we focused on a typical mangrove-associated plant Acanthus ilicifolius L. (family-Acanthaceae), to investigate the structural organization of its salt glands. The investigation encompassed a multi-faceted approach involving enzymatic isolation, ultrastructure studies under electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy, autofluorescence activity assessment, and analysis of inorganic ion concentrations. We applied an enzymatic method to isolate individual glands from embedded epidermal salt glands. Isolated glands and epidermal peels were stained with safranin and toluidine blue and ultrastructural detailing was done using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Analysis of the leaf ion concentration was done by flame photometry and cellular inorganic ion content by X-ray microanalysis (Edax). The multicellular asterid-type gland consists of eight secretory cells, three stalk cells, and basal cells. The glands are located on both of the leaf epidermis and emit yellowish-green fluorescence light from secretory cells. The cells showed an accumulation of high concentrations of inorganic ions such as sodium, chloride, calcium, and potassium under high salinity (17.5–19.5 ppt) stress conditions. Therefore, this study concentrated on the structural composition, ultrastructure, autofluorescence activity, and ion concentration of the salt glands (SGs) in the transverse section. In this study, the first on A. ilicifolius salt gland, a holistic understanding of the glandular architecture, and its complicated cellular structure have been examined more comprehensively.

Floristic Quality Assessment Index of Plant Diversity Evaluation in Bolamanadoddi Hills Raichur District Karnataka India

Theophilus Deenadayal, Khursheed Aalum — Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The present study evaluates the floristic diversity and ecological quality of the Bolamanadoddi hilly area in Raichur District, Karnataka,utilizing the floristic quality index (FQI) as a key metric in an exhaustive survey, documented 74 families with 219 genera of 305 plantspecies. The research employed quantitative measures, including species richness, relative frequency, and the coefficient of conservatism(C-value), to assess the conservation value of the native plant communities. Results indicate significant pressures from anthropogenicactivities such as agriculture and deforestation, leading to the proliferation of non-native species. A total of 259 native species (84.91%)and 46 are non-native species (15.08%). The highest species diversity is from the family Fabaceae 54 and Malvaceae has around 15species. However, the FQI recorded for all the species in the study sample is 42.33, whereas the C-value index is 4.15.

In-vitro Studies on Callus and Shoot Induction of Eichhornia crassipes

Vartika Saini, Archana Bharti, Amit Ondare, Kishori Lal, Debashish Dey — Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Eichhornia crassipes, a monocotyledonous plant species finds various uses including environmental bioremediation, biotechnological and medicinal applications. There are only very few in vitro studies conducted on Eichhornia and no successful in vitro callus and shoot regeneration protocols have been developed till date rendering Eichhornia as one of the recalcitrant species holding development of any transgenics and tapping its various biotechnological applications. The present study is the first extensive effort made towards in vitro callus and shoot regeneration response of Eichhornia. We have optimized the best sterilization protocol most suitable for the naturally grown Eichhornia explants collected from two wet and marshy ex situ locations. Different types and different strengths of salts provided through MS and LS media combinations and different growth regulator combinations such as 2,4-D in presence and absence of NAA (0.5 mg/L) and IAA (1 mg/L) were checked for callus induction from different explants of Eichhornia. Similarly, different types and different strengths of salts provided through MS and LS media combinations and growth regulator combinations such as BAP, TDZ and Zeatin in presence and absence of NAA were checked for shoot induction from different explants of Eichhornia. Alternate approaches such as culturing various explants of Eichhornia on two-layered media (lower solid media overlayed with upper liquid media) composed of different strengths (1X, 2X and 4X) of MS and LS combinations along with different combinations of suitable growth regulators were tested for callus and shoot induction responses. In spite of trying various salt concentrations, media and different growth regulator combinations as solid or solid:liquid media, no successful callus and shoot regeneration could be achieved from different explants of Eichhornia. Present study provides a base to take up further extensive studies in future to develop first callus and shoot regeneration protocols for Eichhornia crassipes so far, a recalcitrant monocotyledonous species which holds promise as one of the important biotechnologically and environmentally-relevant potential plant species.

Determining The Impact of Industrial Effluents on Water Quality of Patalganga River Estuary, District - Raigad, Maharashtra State

Salil Dattatreya Save, Rakesh Kumar — Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Among the 351 polluted river stretches in India, the Patalganga River in Maharashtra has been identified as a polluted river stretch by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The effluent generated by the selected industries in the Patalganga Industrial Estate is sent to acommon effluent treatment plant (CETP). This CETP treats the effluent on behalf of the industries, and the treated effluent is ultimatelydischarged into the Patalganga River. Parameters such as water temperature, pH, BOD, DO, TSS, PO4, NO2, NO3, and NH4+ were measuredat the CETP discharge point and at 10 locations for three seasons: pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon. The water body stretchwas conceptually categorized into five zones: Coastal, estuarine, mixing point, CETP outlet vicinity zone, and riverine zone. The findingsreveal significant degradation in water quality near the CETP outlet compared to other areas, with noticeable impacts both upstreamand downstream. Dilution emerged as a key factor in pollutant dispersion, particularly evident in coastal zones. Moreover, elevatedlevels (>11.9 mg l-1) of biochemical oxygen demand exceeded standard thresholds in freshwater areas, indicating potential ecologicalstress. Correlation analysis conducted between the zones underscores the temporal and spatial variability of water quality dynamics,highlighting the critical influence of CETP discharges. Utilizing cluster analysis, optimization has been conducted for the number ofmonitoring stations to enhance the efficiency of data collection. The CETP zone exhibited a water quality index (>25), classified as “Very Bad,” emphasizing the urgent need for targeted management interventions to address pollution sources, improve water flow duringlow-flow periods, and promote sustainable resource management practices. These measures are essential for safeguarding ecosystemhealth in similar aquatic ecosystems.

Agronomic Evaluation and Nutritional Profiling of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn) Cultivars

Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn) despite being a traditional crop of the Himalayan region, scant information is availableon agronomic aspects and nutritional profiling of the cultivars recommended for cultivation in the region. Therefore, the study wasdesigned for agronomic evaluation and nutritional profiling of the finger millet cultivars (VLM-382, VL-352, VL-376, VL-379 along witha local landrace) to identify cultivars best suited for the specific growing conditions and, maximizing the grain and nutritional yield.Grain yield per plant was significantly (p ≤0.05) the highest in cultivar VL-379 (24.88 g) as compared to the other evaluated cultivars andlocal landrace (12.82 g). The higher grain yield was associated with a higher 1000-grain weight (3.12 g) in the cultivar VL-379. Grain yieldwas the lowest in the local landrace (12.82 g). The local landrace was found susceptible to leaf blast disease whereas the no symptomsof infestation were found in the other cultivars. The local landrace being taller (plant height of 131.4 cm) than the other cultivars, wassusceptible to lodging at the reproductive growth stage. Further, nutrition yield per plant in terms of carbohydrates, proteins, total fat,dietary fibers, energy, minerals, amino acids, and vitamins was significantly higher in cultivar VL-379 than the other cultivars and locallandrace. The cultivar was found richer in calcium and iron contents than the bio-fortified varieties identified by the ICAR-Indian Councilof Agricultural Research. Thus, the study identified VL-379 as a high-yielding nutri-rich finger millet cultivar suitable for cultivation inPithoragarh and locations with similar environmental conditions in the middle hills.

A Comparative Screening of Medicinal Plant Extracts for Potential Antibacterial and Anticancer Properties

Thara N.K, Raghavendra M.P — Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The primary aim of the current study was to screen Cuscuta chinensis Lam., Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh, Clitoria ternatea L., Acacianilotica L., and Aristolochia littoralis Parodi plants on a comparison basis for their antibacterial and anticancer activities. To achievethis, aqueous, chloroform, and ethanol extracts of leaves and seeds were prepared and subjected to antibacterial activity againstmultidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. It was observed that aqueous and ethanol extractsof A. littoralis Parodi seeds were found to possess significant antibacterial activity against test bacteria compared to extracts obtainedfrom leaves. Further, phytochemical analysis was performed for the extracts of each plant to determine the phytoconstituents present.The phytochemical analysis of different extracts from the seeds of all five plants revealed the presence of metabolites such as alkaloids,steroids, carbohydrates, terpenoids, tannins, and resins. Consequently, the seed extracts were investigated for anticancer activity againsthuman skin carcinoma A431 cell lines by MTT assay. Here too, A. littoralis extracts showed significant anticancer activity and the otherfour plants had negligible or no activity. In conclusion, in the current study, it was determined that extracts of A. littoralis seeds, amongthe five medicinal plants screened, possessed both antibacterial and anticancer activity. Based on our previous study, the anticanceractivity of A. littoralis seed extract recorded in the current study is attributed to a bioactive principle termed naneoicglycolate.

Accumulation of Heavy Metals in the Vegetables Cultivated in the Subarnarekha River Basin of Ranchi City

Sweta, Bhaskar Singh — Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Heavy metal (HM) contamination in agroecosystems and edible crops is a worldwide issue. It is becoming an emerging threat to globalfood security. There is a huge pressure on the entire world to fulfill the increasing demand for food to nourish the burgeoning population.The periodical monitoring to assess the HM contamination in the agricultural land and the edible crops may help in tracking the HMstatus, thereby minimizing the risk of HM toxicity. The objective of the present study was to check the physicochemical propertiesof the river water used for irrigation purposes and soil for the cultivation of edible crops along with the presence of different heavymetals (HMs) viz., copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) in the Subarnarekha river water, soil and vegetables viz.,coriander (Coriandrum sativum), cabbage (Brassica oleracea), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), brinjal (Solanum melongena), chili (Capsicumannuum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). The results obtained from the analysis of physicochemical characteristics of water foundthe temperature in the range of 19.33 to 22.45oC, pH 5.83 to 7.43, EC 197.33 to 485.138 mho/cm with iron as the highest available heavymetal with a concentration of 1.909 mgl-1 and cadmium was found in the least concentration (0.011 mgl-1). The findings of differentsoil properties revealed that the soil is good for the cultivation of crops but the presence of some heavy metals like Cd and Pb in theedible parts of the vegetables especially at the sites Namkum, Sembo and Kumba Toli indicates the need for periodical evaluation ofsoil to assess their levels. HM accumulation in the edible parts of the vegetables was found below the permissible limits prescribed byFAO and WHO except at a few sites.

The Ethnomedical Investigation of Native Communities and the Use of Wild Plants in the Temperate Woods of Ganderbal Kashmir, India

Mehnaz Aijaz, Rayees Afzal Mir — Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The traditional approaches to health treatment that are derived from indigenous cultural beliefs and practices rather than the theoreticalunderpinnings of contemporary medicine are referred to as ethno-medicine. The primary healthcare needs of over 80% of the globalpopulation are met by conventional medicine, according to estimates from the World Health Organisation (WHO). Many rural areasaround the world still use traditional medical systems because they are remote from modern medical facilities and physicians. Manyindividuals in the modern world still choose basic ethno-medicine for primary treatment. This research offers ethnomedical data aboutthe traditional, partially documented use of wild medicinal plants by the fringe people to treat various illnesses in the temperate woodsof District Ganderbal, Kashmir. The research aimed to investigate and record the customary wisdom on wild plant species utilized bythe forest fringe populations in the Ganderbal, Union Territory Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Fruit Quality of Aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) Cultivars and New Accessions

Devendra Pandey, Sanjay Kumar Singh, Shardulya Shukla, Shiv Poojan — Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Fruits of seven cultivars of aonla viz. NA-6, NA-7, NA-10, Laxmi –52, Krishna, Kanchan and Chakaiya were evaluated for changes in physicochemicalattributes at different stages of fruit growth and maturation. The observations were recorded at 30-day intervals starting from120 days after fruit set (DAFS) and up to 255 DAFS.

Results of different parameters revealed that fruit size in terms of width, weight and TSS showed exponentially upward growth trends fromthe initial stages of maturity up to the final stage of harvest, i.e., October to February months. NA-6 Aonla had shown the highest gain(128.46%) in fruit weight amongst the tested cultivars; however, overall, the maximum fruit weight was recorded in Laxmi-52 (52.15 g).‘Krishna’ Aonla had the lowest fruit weight. Baring Aonla cv. Kanchan, other varieties showed an increasing trend of fruit Total Suspended Solids ranges from 6.52 to 12.54 0B during the maturity period. During the last month of maturity, the ‘Krishna’ Aonla had the highest TSS(12.54 0B) and acidity (2.12%) while the lowest was recorded in Kanchan (8.62 0B). February month could be best for harvesting aonla’s cv.Krishna. The growth of fruits of Aonla cv. Kanchan and NA-7 ceased after January months, and TSS also got reduced, therefore these varietiesshould be harvested by the end of January month. Ascorbic acid was highest in NA-6 across the maturity period but for a harvesting pointof view, the NA-10, Laxmi -52, and Krishna should not be harvested beyond December month. Conclusively, it is inferred from the resultsthat NA-10, Laxmi -52 and Krishna matures early, i.e., during December month, Kanchan and NA-7 during January month and NA-6 duringFebruary month. CISH-A-1 and CISH-A-2 could be found to be better than other cultivars in terms of ascorbic acid and polyphenols.

Seasonal Dynamics of Microplastic Pollution in the River Ganga: A Case Study from Bihar

Varsha, Sushil Kumar Singh — Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive and have an impact on all types of habitats, including rivers. In recent years, the amount of research on MPs in rivers has significantly increased. Globally, microplastic (MPs) particles are discovered in environmental compartments and are thesubject of much research, particularly in aquatic environments. With a focus on seasonal differences between the pre-and post-monsoonperiods, this study investigates the temporal patterns of microplastic pollution in the Ganga river in Bihar, India. Three locations alongthe river were sampled, and the concentrations of MPs in both seasons were compared using a paired t-test. The average concentrationof all studied sites of MPs before monsoon is 1044.5 ± 317.81, and post-monsoon is 624.16 ± 247.08. The findings showed that thepre-monsoon season showed a considerable rise in MP levels. This surge is probably caused by both human activity, which intensifiesduring this season, such as agricultural runoff and garbage disposal, and the decreased river flow, which concentrates MPs in the watercolumn. To manage the invasion of MPs, the study’s findings emphasize the necessity of increased monitoring and mitigation activities,especially before the monsoon season. This study advances our knowledge of the dynamics of MP pollution in the Ganga River andemphasizes the need for seasonally appropriate conservation measures for this essential water supply.

Enhancing Growth and Quality of Red Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus cv. Kashi Lalima) Using Nano Urea and Bioenhancers

Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

An investigation was carried out on red okra at Experimental Farm, Kharora, Mata Gujri College, Sri Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India tocheck the nano urea and bio-enhancer’s impact on quantitative and qualitative attributes of red okra cv. Kashi Lalima with varioustreatments under randomized block design. Eight treatments were evaluated out of these treatments T6 (Nano Urea @0.4% + Panchgavya@3%) responded superior in yield parameters such as length of pod (10.44 cm), pod diameter (1.89 cm), pod weight (9.74 g), pod yield(9.82 q ha-1), number of pods plant-1 (18.44), biological yield (18.82 kg ha-1) and harvest index (52.63%). The quality characters weresignificantly affected by T6 in which maximum TSS content (7.70○Brix), crude protein (1.79%), crude fat (5.14 %), anthocyanin (3.49 mg100g-1), vitamin A (0.62 mg 100g-1) and vitamin C (18.84 mg 100g-1), respectively. Additionally, treatment T6 gives better results in higherB:C ratio (2.94), gross returns (₹ 5,23,770.83 ha-1) and net returns (₹ 3,99,286.93 ha-1), respectively.

Green Synthesis of MgO Nanoparticles from Eicchornia crassipes Aqueous Leaf Extract and its Phytotoxic Effect on Triticum aestivum

Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Nano-biotechnology has a profound impact on various fields. The photo-mediated green approach of structuring the oxide nanoparticlesfrom metal has become exigent due to helping to circumvent the adverse effects on the environment as compared to other methods ofsynthesis like chemical and physical. For synthesis of Nano-composites by plant material was initiated due to the material containing anenormous number of bio-reductants and surfactants, useful formation of nanoparticles. The formation of phytofacile metal nanoparticlesis due to the presence of phyto-components which an efficacious substitutes as bio-reductants and surfactants. The green synthesis of MgO2 is eco-friendly towards the creation of inorganic metal oxide nanoparticles. The magnesium oxide metal nanoparticles act as a verystable and safest component of the human body. In the present work, the preparation of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO2NPs) wasinitiated by using an aqueous leaf extract of Eicchornia crassipes. The synthesized MgO2 nano-composites were characterized through UV–vis spectroscopy. The nanoparticles showed absorbance at 314 nm. The phytotoxicity of synthesized MgO2 NPs was tested againstthe Triticum aestivum. The results indicate that increase in all aspects of essential components exposed to the MgO2 nanoparticles incomparison to the control treatment which showed better content for root and shoot growth of the T. aestivum. This is a fruitful outcomeof this research work that the exposure of nanoparticles to T. aestivum leads to grow the plant vigorously and did not show any adverseeffect. This claimed that the MgO2 NPs are eco-friendly for the environment.

Antidiabetic Plants Used By Tribals At Satpura Hills, Betul- District (M.P.) In Central India

Sheetal Choudhary — Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A survey was taken between the year of 2020-2023 in Satpura hills, Betul district of Madhya Pradesh, in Central India. It is very rich inbiodiversity specially for availability of various rare and medicinally important plant species. Gonds and Korkus are local tribal people.They use these plants for treatment of diabetes and its complications. In Ayurveda, Homeopathy and Unani medicine system, theseherbs play an important role in modern therapy. All herbal medicines are cost-effective and also free from serious side effects. We founda total of 26 herbal plants species distributed in 18 families in this Satpura region. These potent medicinal plants are used in diabetesor related complications. In this work, we mainly focused on hypoglycemic herbs used by tribals of Satpura hills.

The Synthesis and Utilization of Nanomaterials for Waste Valorization and Other Frugal Applications

Sarath Poda — Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The synthesis of nanostructured materials represents a pivotal advancement in materials science, enabling the precise tailoring of material properties at the nanoscale to address complex technological challenges. This paper explores the integration of nanostructured material synthesis with waste-to-energy conversion, focusing specifically on the role of nano-bio catalysts in transesterification processes. These catalysts are engineered to exhibit enhanced properties such as high catalytic efficiency, selectivity, and reusability by employing diverse synthesis approaches, including bottom-up and top-down techniques such as sol-gel processes, chemical vapor deposition, and self-assembly. Building on the integration of nanotechnology and biotechnology, this study investigates the potential of nano-bio catalysts to improve biodiesel synthesis via transesterification. The critical importance of controlling synthesis parameters to optimize the size, morphology, and composition of nano-bio catalysts is emphasized, alongside an analysis of the challenges associated with scalability, stability, and economic feasibility. By combining the principles of nanotechnology and biotechnology, Nano-bio catalysts improve the efficiency of the transesterification process and contribute to the valorization of waste materials, thus promoting a circular economy. Further, it dives into the larger uses of nanomaterials in catalysis, environmental remediation, and healthcare, emphasizing their various roles in furthering sustainability and providing multifunctional solutions.

Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Potential of Honey: A Comprehensive Review

Alka Rani, Sunita Verma — Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Honey is gaining recognition for its extensive therapeutic properties, attributed to its rich phytochemical composition shaped by the diverse flora in the area. This review delves into the antioxidant and antimicrobial characteristics of honey, emphasizing its potential applications in both traditional and modern medicine. The bioactive compounds found in honey, such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, play a critical role in alleviating oxidative stress and combating infections. By synthesizing existing research, this study seeks to validate the traditional medicinal uses of honey while encouraging its exploration as a natural health product. Furthermore, it aims to highlight the importance of investigating regional honey for its unique health benefits and its contributions to sustainable agricultural practices.

A Way Forward in Drug Discovery and Antimicrobial Activities of Dioscorea L. Species: A Review

Kishan Kumar Prajapati, Vartika, Rakesh Pandey, V. N. Pandey — Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The bulbils (air potatoes) and tubers of Dioscorea L. species are huge reservoirs of biomolecules that provide nutrition and healthcare benefits to human beings. After the cereal and pseudocereal, bulbils and tubers are precious sources of nutraceuticals to society, nature and natural systems. Dioscorea species commonly known as ‘Yams’ is a monocotyledonous vine that belongs to the family Dioscoreaceae. The vine has tubers, stems, leaves, inflorescence and bulbils which are organized reservoirs of biofunctional therapeutic biomolecules. These are carotenoids, polyphenols, flavonoids, sapogenins, steroids, phytates, tannins, dioscin, dioscorine, diosgenins, etc. These phytomolecules perform many physiological and pharmacological activities in living organisms, especially human beings. Traditionally, it is used for digestive disorders, pain of the stomach and abdomen, and dysmenorrhea, as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antacid, appetizer, reduce weakness, antidiarrheal, contraceptive, antidandruff, wormicide, anthelmintic, antiobesity and antirheumatic. Many antimicrobial properties such as antibacterial (Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria), antifungal, antiviral, antiprotozoal and antileishmanial activities were also shown by the potential Dioscorea species. They are a source of natural bioenergy that can be explored and utilized by the civilized world for their proper utilization and conservation.

Assessing The Influence of Phosphorus and Moisture Stress Dynamics on Mungbean: A Scientific Exploration

Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) stands as an essential leguminous crop globally, particularly in regions like India, owing to its nutritional significance and wider adaptability. This review into the intricate dynamics among phosphorus (P) levels, an important nutrient for plant growth, and moisture stress, a common challenge in agriculture, on mungbean’s morphological and biochemical aspects. Essential for plant growth, profoundly impacts mungbean’s morphological characteristics and biochemical homes. Adequate phosphorus supply stimulates lateral root proliferation and elongation, improving root exploration for progressed nutrient and water uptake, thereby improving the plant’s capability to face up to environmental stresses and nutrient deficiencies. Under drought conditions, mungbean plants exhibit poor root growth, resulting in reduced nutrient and water use-efficiency. Moreover, moisture stress inhibits shoot growth and architectural development, resulting in stunted growth, reduced internode elongation, and diminished leaf expansion, ultimately leading to decreased light interception and photosynthetic activity. Additionally, the interaction between phosphorus levels and moisture stress significantly influences mungbean’s responses, dictating adaptive strategies to varying environmental conditions. Conversely, phosphorus-enriched plants demonstrate enhanced resilience to moisture stress, maintaining root elongation and shoot development, even under water-limited conditions. This assessment underscores the significance of comprehensive nutrient management techniques in mitigating the detrimental influences of environmental fluctuations on mungbean cultivation, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary research and innovative answers to decorate crop productiveness and sustainability in the face of global environmental challenges.

Impact of zero tillage and nutrient management practices on productivity of wheat in indo gangetic plains: An overview

Deovrat Singh, Ambreesh Singh Yadav, Saba Siddiqui, Shipra Yadav, Sanket Kumar — Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Wheat cultivation is a basis of agricultural systems of India predominantly in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) or the Great Plains of North India, which is crucial for food security in South Asia. The primary constraints to wheat grain production include inefficient tillage operations, bed preparation, production of late-maturing paddy cultivars, scarcity of water, insufficiency of labor, high fertilizer costs, and suboptimal crop management operations. Tillage is a pivotal agricultural tool for soil manipulation and crop yield enhancement. Various tillage methods are employed in paddy-wheat cropping systems, viz., intensive, traditional, deep and conservation tillage practices such as zero and minimum tillage, etc. Zero tillage provides an efficient and manageable planting method that enables well-timed wheat cultivation, eliminates the requirement for tillage operations, and enhances crop or biomass residue management. This approach reduces production costs and maintains environmental cleanliness. Specifically, zero tillage reduces operational costs for wheat planting by 50 to 60% compared to conventional sowing methods. The main factor driving the adoption of zero tillage technology is expense minimization. Moreover, ensuring an effective nutrient management strategy through the combined use of chemical fertilizers, organic amendments, and biological resources is critical. However, advancing knowledge about the importance of essential nutrients in crop physiology and their impact on qualitative and quantitative components of cereal crops, particularly in wheat, is necessary. Balanced fertilizer application is critical for improving wheat yield, quality, and agronomic traits. Thus, integrating zero tillage with appropriate fertilizer management is crucial for optimizing wheat production. This study reviews zero tillage and nutrient management practices in wheat and examines their impacts on growth, quality and yield-related associated indices.

Current Evidence on Memory-Enhancing Compounds and Herbs: A Comprehensive Review

Sonika Kashyap, Renu Bist — Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Memory and cognitive function play vital roles in our daily lives, and the pursuit of effective strategies to enhance these cognitive abilities has long been a topic of interest. The current review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of memory-enhancing compounds and herbs, focusing on their potential benefits, mechanisms of action, and limitations. Numerous compounds and herbs have been studied for their cognitive benefits, with some promising results. Ginkgo biloba, a well-known herb with antioxidant properties, has been investigated for its potential to improve memory and cognitive function, particularly in the elderly. Bacopa monnieri, a herb used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine, has demonstrated positive effects on memory and attention in several clinical studies. Panax ginseng, commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine, has also shown potential as a cognitive enhancer, with evidence suggesting improvements in cognitive performance, attention, and working memory. The aroma of rosemary, a culinary herb, has been found to have memory-enhancing properties, although further research is needed to fully elucidate its mechanisms. The current article reviews the data from experimental and clinical findings for several Indian herbal medicines, including Withania somnifera, Ginkgo biloba, Centella asiatica, Bacopa monnieri, Panax ginseng, Rosmarinus officinalis, Glycyrrhiza glabra; Convolvulus pluricaulis, Acorus calamus and Phyllanthus emblica; all of which have demonstrated prospects for addressing memory disorders. While these compounds and herbs hold promise, their efficacy and safety profiles vary; therefore, rigorous clinical trials and standardized protocols, are desired to establish their effectiveness, optimal dosages, and long-term effects.

Liquid Tree and its Importance in Metro Cities – A Mini- Review

Sethu Madhav Reghu, Alok Kulangaraveettil, Limna Mol Valsala Padmanabhan Nair — Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Urbanization and air pollution are significant challenges affecting metropolitan cities globally, leading to increased temperatures and deteriorating air quality. Traditional green solutions, such as planting trees, often fall short in densely populated areas due to limited space and poor soil conditions. Liquid trees, a novel solution using microalgae in photobioreactors (controlled systems designed for cultivating photosynthetic organisms under optimized conditions), present a viable alternative, present a viable alternative for enhancing urban air quality. These systems utilize microalgae’s high photosynthetic efficiency to absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, making them 10 to 50 times more effective than conventional trees. Liquid trees can be implemented in compact urban spaces, including rooftops, facades, and public areas, providing continuous air purification without the constraints of soil and space. Additionally, they offer benefits like biofuel production, biosorption of heavy metals, and wastewater treatment. This innovative approach addresses key urban challenges such as pollution, climate change, and the heat island effect while contributing to sustainable urban development. By integrating liquid tree systems into urban planning, cities can improve resilience, adapt to environmental stressors, and ensure a cleaner and healthier environment for residents. The adaptability and efficiency of liquid trees position them as a critical component of future urban area development strategies, providing a scalable solution to modern environmental challenges, along with ensuring sustainable development.