Effect of Abiotic Stress on Plant Growth and Development, Physiological and Breeding Strategies to Overcome Stress Condition

Abstract

Abiotic stress is a significant factor in “climate change,” a complex phenomena with several unpredictable negative repercussions on
the environment. Abiotic stress alters the continuity between soil and plant atmosphere, reducing the yield of several essential crops.
Abiotic stress now poses a considerable obstacle to plant development, and it will certainly worsen as desertification spreads across
a larger section of the planet’s land area. The agriculture sector is significantly impacted by the weather and environment. Traditional
farming methods and the food production required to sustain the nation’s growing population might be threatened by climate change.
Improved cultivars created via breeding for a greater harvest index and disease tolerance were readily embraced during this period
of relatively consistent weather. Extreme climatic variability is projected due to climate change in this century. In many nations that
produce crops, the agricultural climate will likely be warmer with more unpredictable rainfall, and stress spikes will be more severe. To
maintain a growing population, agricultural productivity must be increased under more unfavourable environmental conditions. Using
GPS locators and climatic data from across the world, it is now feasible to comprehensively examine the genetic diversity in ancient
local landraces to characterise the natural selection for local adaptation and to identify potential germplasm for tolerances to high
stresses . With the use of candidate gene techniques and next generation sequencing, the physiological and biochemical components
of these manifestations may be genomically examined. Wild relatives of crops possess practically untapped genetic diversity for abiotic
and biotic stress tolerances and may greatly improve the domesticated gene pools presently available as a survival omics strategy to
assist crops endure the expected extremes of climate change. It is an issue to increase agricultural productivity in the face of climate
change. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to combine a number of disciplines, including eco-geographical assessments of genetic
resources, modern advances in genomics, agronomy, and farm management, all of which are backed by knowledge of how genotypeenvironment
interaction affects crop climate adaptability.