Harnessing Nature’s Potential: A Review of Copper Nanoparticle Biosynthesis and Its Applications

Abstract

Nanomaterials are being used in an increasing number of engineering and technological domains. One of their main advantages is that nanomaterial's properties differ from those of bulk materials with the same composition. One can readily change their properties by changing the size, shape, and chemical environment of nanoparticles. Due to its biological applications, copper nanoparticles have become a particular emphasis among other nanomaterials. Conventional methods of synthesizing copper NPs are harmful and toxic to human health and the environment because of the involvement of chemicals associated with environmental toxicity. Therefore, biological methods are emerging to fill the gap and tackle the problem. Green synthesis outperforms chemical and/or biological techniques by employing biological molecules generated from plant sources in the form of extracts. Through to the use of plants, plant extracts, fungi, algae, bacteria, biomolecules, and other microorganisms, the green synthesis method creates nanomaterial in a clean, safe, economical, and ecologically friendly manner. To make these biological techniques acceptable for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles, they go through a carefully monitored assembly process. There were reduced risks of failure, lower costs, and easier characterization with green approaches, making them more successful for generating NPs. The present review provides an overview of the various sources that can be used to make copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) using eco-friendly techniques. Employing naturally available substances and low-energy processes offers a sustainable method for generating nanomaterials.