Land Transformation Study of Bakhira Tal Ramsar Site Through Space-Borne Techniques

Abstract

This study focuses on Bakhira Tal, a Ramsar Site of global ecological significance, renowned for its biodiversity. Using high-resolution space-borne tools and geospatial technologies, the study evaluates land use and land cover (LULC) changes within a 1 km buffer of Bakhira Tal. Data from the Survey of India Toposheet (1972) and satellite imagery (Landsat 8, 2014 and 2024) were utilized to analyze temporal variations in the wetland’s spatial extent and LULC patterns, revealing the impact of anthropogenic and natural processes on the ecosystem. Bakhira Tal’s surface area has notably shrunk from 5031.52 ha in 1972 to 2985.75 ha in 2024. The study categorizes LULC into four classes: agricultural fields, built-up areas, plantations, and waterbodies. Significant changes were observed between 1972 and 2024. Agricultural fields decreased from 3311.65 ha in 1972 to 3074.88 ha in 2014, but increased to 3582.43 ha by 2024, with many fields replaced by plantations. Traditional croplands have gradually been converted to commercial agriculture, affecting water demand and land use intensity. Encroachment for agriculture has degraded some waterbodies, while rapid urbanization, population growth, and illegal settlements have expanded built-up areas, increasing from 204.12 ha in 1972 to 266.15 ha in 2024. The study produced comprehensive LULC maps using a Geographic Information System (GIS) integrated with high-resolution satellite data, helping to track these changes. The findings underscore the need for adaptive management and continuous monitoring to protect Bakhira Tal’s ecological integrity and sustain its Ramsar status. This approach serves as a model for evaluating and managing LULC changes in other Ramsar Sites globally, ensuring sustainable resource use and wetland conservation.