A Critical Review on Management Approaches for Brown Spot (Bipolaris oryzae) Disease in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

In India and around the world, rice is the most major food crop. In India a Very large Area of rice is grown during the Kharif season. A limited portion of rice is produced with assured irrigation in rabi summer. Only 59% of the rice acres is shielded by irrigation, hence the production of rice is primarily dependent on monsoon rainfall. There is major enemy of the rice crop or its production are various pest and diseases, among these brown leaf spot disease (Helminthosporium spp.) causes major reduction in rice production. Losses due to brown spot affect both quantity and quality. In Southeast and South Asia, the disease decreases yield over the whole lowland rice production by an average of 5%. A badly infected field may see a 45% yield loss. Heavy contamination in the seeds causes seedling blight, which kills 10–58% of the seedlings. Additionally, it influences the kernel weight, grain quality, and the quantity of grains produced per panicle. The Brown Spot epidemic of 1943 was largely responsible for the Great Bengal Famine. But it causes large yield reductions of up to 6 to 90%. The need to develop improved management techniques considering the changing climatic circumstances has been of utmost importance for rice-growing regions. Farmers in various field locations across the world employ a variety of management techniques (Resistance, induce resistance, nutrition management, biological, natural by-products, resistant cultivars, Cultural and chemical). The simplest, most successful, practical, and economical method to manage diseases and increase production in a short amount of time is to employ resistant sources. Fungicides should be used sparingly as an alternative substantial approach for rapid and effective disease management and increasing rice production as the environment is changing circumstances and the emergence of the disease outbreak. The usage of phytoextracts and antagonists, on the other hand, is thought to be secure, environmentally beneficial, economically advantageous, and biodegradable. Utilizing plant activators is another innovative tactic that boosts plants' natural defences and lowers disease. In contrast to nutrient deficient plants, sparse nutrient plants are more susceptible to disease. A particular nutrient makes up for the pathogen damage by tolerating less of the sickness. Good management strategies are those that incorporate all conceivable mixtures of resistant cultivars, nutrition management, natural by-products, induce resistance, cultural, biological, and chemical factors. The most efficient strategy to battle the illness under the current climatic circumstances is to use a number of integrated management measures to address the disease's rising threat to future food security.

Key words: Brown spot disease; Rice; Cultural management; Biological Management; Chemical management.