Bio-control by using Antagonistic (Filamentous Fungi and VAM) and Bacteria against Macrophomina phaseolina

Abstract

The excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers in the current agricultural system, which is done to increase production, completely
eradicate plant pathogens, and reduce undesirable weeds, has a detrimental effect on soil quality, water body environment, animal and
human health due to the toxicity, recalcitrance, and carcinogenic potential of many of these compounds. It has long been thought that
biological plant disease control could replace current methods of prevention. Filamentous fungi (especially Aspergillus spp., Trichoderma
reesei, and Neurospora crassa), bacteria (Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Lysobacter, Serratia, and Pantoea), and Vesicular Arbuscular
Mycorrhiza (VAM) (G. mosseae, Glomus claroideum, Glomus aggregatum) are employed instead of chemicals in biocontrol. M. phaseolina
is a fungus that lives in the root soil and produces dry root rot/stem canker, stalk rot, and charcoal rot. The fungus M. phaseolina causes
charcoal rot, stalk rot, and dry root rot/stem canker in plant roots. Melon, strawberries, and tomatoes are just a few of the horticultural
crops that M. phaseolina has been discovered on throughout Europe, the US, Australia, Chile, and Israel. To manage M. phaseolina, various
biocontrol agents (filamentous fungi, VAM, and bacteria) are used successfully and effectively.