Phytosociological Study of Bakhira Lake, a Ramsar Wetland of Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract

The phytosociological study of Bakhira Lake, a Ramsar wetland in Uttar Pradesh, India, focuses on understanding the diversity, composition, and distribution of macrophytes within the ecosystem. Wetlands, often described as "biological supermarkets," provide essential ecosystem services, including water purification, flood control, and habitat for diverse flora and fauna. The study area, Bakhira Bird Sanctuary, covers 29 square kilometers and is prone to seasonal flooding, which influences the local vegetation and biodiversity. Field surveys conducted from June 2023 to May 2024 involved 180 quadrats, with data collected on density, frequency, and abundance of macrophyte species, following established ecological methods. A total of 127 angiospermic species across 83 genera and 43 families were identified, with Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and Asteraceae being the most dominant families. The ecological classification revealed a higher prevalence of free-floating hydrophytes. Data analysis showed that species like Eichhornia crassipes, Phragmitis karka, and Lemna minor had the highest Importance Value Index (IVI), indicating their dominance and adaptability in the wetland. The study also identified 10 invasive species, such as Alternanthera philoxeroides and Eichhornia crassipes, which threaten native biodiversity through rapid spread and competition for resources. This research underlines the need for conservation strategies to protect the wetland from anthropogenic pressures, including agricultural encroachment. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, emphasizing the importance of managing invasive species and conserving native biodiversity to maintain the ecological balance of Bakhira Lake.